Daan Tungo Sa Demokrasya

Daan Tungo Sa Demokrasya

Bilang namin maghanda para sa paglitaw ng mga susunod na henerasyon ng mga apocalyptic armas, ito ay kinakailangan na kinikilala na mga democracies ang mundo ay nakatakda upang harapin ang kanilang mga gravest hamon pa bilang mabubuhay at patuloy na pampulitika pagpipilian.

Ang patuloy na presensya at mas mataas na-access ng mga Armas ng Pagkasira ng Mass (WMDs) ay poised upang ilagay ang isang bigla dulo sa pulitika gaya ng dati.Ang teknolohiya na nagbabanta sa aming napaka-iral ay lubhang mapataob ang mga kasalukuyang sensibilities tungkol sa social control at mga sibil na kalayaan.At bilang isang kinahinatnan, ang mga institusyon na nagtrabaho para sa mga siglo upang protektahan ang mga demokratikong at humanistic halaga ay ilagay sa ang test - isang pagsubok na maaaring tunay na magresulta sa isang makabuluhang pagpapahina ng demokrasya, kung hindi nito kagyat na pagbagsak.

Ang nakabinbing pampulitikang sitwasyon ay may katiyakan na iba kaysa sa na kung saan sinundan ng Manhattan Project at ang pagdating ng mga nuclear na armas. Habang ang paglaganap ay isang problema sa ang dekada magsakdal unlad Ang bomba ay, ang mga pagkakataon ng mga armas pagkuha sa ang mga kamay ng isang kaya-tinatawag na 'haragan estado' o di-estado aktor ay slim sa none (maliban kung isaalang-alang mo ang dating Sobiyet Union, Cuba , China at Pakistan bilang nagdadayo estado). Bukod dito, bilang namin ilipat pasulong namin magkaroon ng higit pa kaysa sa lamang nuclear armas mag-alala tungkol; mga hinaharap WMDs isama bioweapons (tulad ng kusa engineered pathogens), marumi bomb , weaponized Nanotechnology , robotics , misused artipisyal katalinuhan , at iba pa.

Kung bakit ang mga WMDs iba't ibang ang lumalaking kadalian ng pagkuha at pagpapatupad ng mga na maaaring aktwal na gamitin ang mga ito. Nakatira kami sa isang increasingly wired at globalized mundo kung saan-access sa mga resources at impormasyon ay hindi kailanman naging mas madali. Ang Compounding mga problemang ito ay ang tumaas at empowerment ng mga di-tradisyunal na pampulitikang pwersa, katulad mahina-estado, ang mga di-estado aktor at nasisiyahan indibidwal. Sa nakaraan, buong armadas ay kinakailangan upang pahirapan ang sakuna pinsala; ngayon, lahat na ay kinakailangan ang mga maliliit na grupo ng mga motivated mga indibidwal.

At ang mga motivations para sa paggamit ng naturang armas ay nakatakda upang idulog.Pampulitika pagkasobra begets pampulitika pagkasobra; pamahalaan salansan-down (parehong panloob at panlabas) ay malamang ipinagbabawal na radikal na kontra reaksyon. Mayroon ding mga potensyal na para sa mga global-scale arm karera ng mga bagong teknolohiya ay lumitaw sa abot-tanaw ( molecular assembling Nanotechnology pagiging isang posibleng kandidato). Tulad arm karera ay maaaring madagdagan ang hindi lamang internasyonal na tensions, ngunit din duldulan paniniktik at preemptive strikes.

Ibinigay ng mga mataas na pusta sitwasyon, ang mga demokratikong institusyon ay maaaring hindi ay bibigyan ng pagkakataon upang maiwasan ang mga catastrophes o pakikitungo sa mga aktwal na crises.

 

by: Izelle Joy D. Clerigo

http://sa-demokrasya.blogspot.com/2012/02/daan-tungo-sa-demokrasya.html

by: Kathlene Mae Ada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_France

List of Presidents of France

President
Political Party: Bonapartist

Nº	Picture	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
1		Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808–1873)	20 December 1848	2 December 1852	Bonapartist	[1]
			1848
			Nephew of Napoleon I. Elected first President of the French Republic, in the 1848 election against Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. He provoked the French coup of 1851, and proclaimed himself Emperor the following year.

French Third Republic (1870–1940)

 President of the Government of National Defense

• Louis Jules Trochu (4 September 1870 – 13 February 1871)

 Chief of the Executive Power

• Adolphe Thiers (17 February 1871 – 30 August 1871) (became President on 31 August 1871)

 Presidents

Radical Independent Independent (moderate Republican) Republican (AD & predecessors) Monarchist (Legitimist)

Nº	Picture	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
2		Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)	31 August 1871	24 May 1873	former Orléanist; moderate Republican	[2]
			Initially a moderate monarchist, named President following the adoption of the Rivet law. He became a Republican during his term, and resigned in the face of hostility from the Assemblée nationale, largely in favour of a return to monarchy.
3		Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1808–1893)	24 May 1873	30 January 1879	Legitimist	[3]
			A Marshal of France, he was the only monarchist President of the Third Republic. He resigned shortly after the Republican victory in the 1877 legislative elections, following his decision to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. During his term, the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 that served as the Constitution of the Third Republic were passed, and he therefore became the first President under the constitutional settlement that would last until 1940.
4		Jules Grévy (1807–1891)	30 January 1879	2 December 1887	Opportunist Republican; Left Republican	[4]
			The first President to complete a full term, he was easily re-elected in December 1885. He was nonetheless forced to resign, following an honours scandal in which his son-in-law was implicated.
5		Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)	3 December 1887	25 June 1894†	Opportunist Republican; Left Republican	[5]
			His term was marked by boulangist unrest and the Panama scandals, and by diplomacy with Russia. †Assassinated (stabbed) by Sante Geronimo Caserio a few months before the end of his mandate, he is interred at the Panthéon, Paris.
6		Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)	27 June 1894	16 January 1895	Opportunist Republican; Left Republican	[6]
			Perier's was the shortest Presidential term: he resigned after six months and 20 days.
7		Félix Faure (1841–1899)	17 January 1895	16 February 1899†	Opportunist Republican; Progressive Republican	[7]
			Pursued colonial expansion and ties with Russia. President during the Dreyfus Affair. †Four years into his term he died of apoplexy at the Élysée Palace, allegedly in flagrante.
8		Émile Loubet (1838–1929)	18 February 1899	18 February 1906	Democratic Republican Alliance	[8]
			During his seven-year term, the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State was adopted, and only four Presidents of the Council succeeded to the Hôtel Matignon. He did not seek re-election at the end of his term.
9		Armand Fallières (1841–1931)	18 February 1906	18 February 1913	Opportunist Republican; ARD-PRD	[9]
			President during the Agadir Crisis, when French troops first occupied Morocco. He was a party to the Triple Entente, which he strengthened by diplomacy. Like his predecessor, he did not seek re-election.
10		Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)	18 February 1913	18 February 1920	PRD-ARD	[10]
			President during World War I. He subsequently served as President of the Council 1922–1924 and 1926–1929.
11		Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)	18 February 1920	21 September 1920	ARD-PRDS	[11]
			An intellectual elected to the Académie française, he overcame the popular Georges Clemenceau, to general surprise, in the January 1920 election. He resigned after eight months due to mental health problems.
12		Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)	23 September 1920	11 June 1924	Independent	[12]
			An "Independent Socialist" increasingly drawn to the right wing, he resigned after four years following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches in the 1924 legislative elections.
13		Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)	13 June 1924	13 June 1931	Radical	[13]
			The first Protestant President, he took a firm political stance against Germany and its resurgent nationalism. His seven-year term was marked by ministerial discontinuity.
14		Paul Doumer (1857–1932)	13 June 1931	7 May 1932†	Radical	[14]
			Elected in the second round of the 1931 election, having displaced the pacifist Aristide Briand. †Assassinated (shot) by the mentally unstable Paul Gorguloff.
15		Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)	10 May 1932	11 July 1940 (de facto)	Democratic Alliance	[15]
			Re-elected in 1939, his second term was interrupted de facto by the rise to power of Marshal Philippe Pétain.

by: Irrish Dimayuga

List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China

№	Portrait	Presidents	Term	Term of office		Vice Presidents
1		Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976) Beijing At-large	CP	1 October 1949 (acting)	27 September 1954	Zhu De Liu Shaoqi Song Qingling Zhang Lan Li Jishen Gao Gang
			1	27 September 1954	27 April 1959	Zhu De
2		Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898–1969) Beijing At-large	2	27 April 1959	21 December 1964	Song Qingling Dong Biwu
			3	21 December 1964	31 October 1968 (ousted)
—		Song Qingling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large Dong Biwu 董必武 (1886-1975) Hubei At-large	3 (cont)	31 October 1968 (acting)	24 February 1972 (resigned) 17 January 1975	vacant
*		as NPCSC Chairman Zhu De 朱德 (1886–1976) Sichuan At-large	4	17 January 1975	6 July 1976 (died in office)	vacant
*		as NPCSC Chairwoman Song Qingling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large	4 (cont)	6 July 1976	5 March 1978	vacant
*		as NPCSC Chairman Ye Jianying 叶剑英 (1897–1986) PLA At-large	5	5 March 1978	16 May 1981	vacant
—		as Honorary President Song Qingling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large	5 (cont)	16 May 1981	28 May 1981	vacant
*		as NPCSC Chairman Ye Jianying 叶剑英 (1897–1986) PLA At-large	5 (cont)	28 May 1981	18 June 1983	vacant
3		Li Xiannian 李先念 (1909–1992) Hubei At-large	6	18 June 1983	8 April 1988	Ulanhu
4		Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 (1907-1998) Sichuan At-large	7	8 April 1988	27 March 1993	Wang Zhen
5		Jiang Zemin 江泽民 (1926-) Shanghai At-large	8	27 March 1993	15 March 1998	Rong Yiren
			9	15 March 1998	23 March 2003	Hu Jintao
6		Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 (1942-) Tibet At-large (03-08) Zhejiang At-large (08-)	10	23 March 2003	15 March 2008	Zeng Qinghong
			11	15 March 2008	Incumbent (term expires 2013)	Xi Jinping

by: Irrah Dimayuga
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation

List of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation

1848–1874

Jonas Furrer, the first President of the Confederation (1848–1849)

• 1848 – Jonas Furrer (1805–1861)
• 1849 – Jonas Furrer (1805–1861)
• 1850 – Henri Druey (1799–1855)
• 1851 – Josef Munzinger (1791–1855)
• 1852 – Jonas Furrer (1805–1861)
• 1853 – Wilhelm Matthias Naeff (1802–1881)
• 1854 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1801–1873)
• 1855 – Jonas Furrer (1805–1861)
• 1856 – Jakob Stämpfli (1820–1879)
• 1857 – Constant Fornerod (1819–1899)
• 1858 – Jonas Furrer (1805–1861)
• 1859 – Jakob Stämpfli (1820–1879)
• 1860 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1801–1873)
• 1861 – Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel (1813–1889)
• 1862 – Jakob Stämpfli (1820–1879)
• 1863 – Constant Fornerod (1819–1899)
• 1864 – Jakob Dubs (1822–1879)
• 1865 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)
• 1866 – Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel (1813–1889)
• 1867 – Constant Fornerod (1819–1899)
• 1868 – Jakob Dubs (1822–1879)
• 1869 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)

Karl Schenk, as the longest-serving member of the Federal Council, was President of the Confederation six times, a number only equaled by Emil Welti.

• 1870 – Jakob Dubs (1822–1879)
• 1871 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)
• 1872 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)
• 1873 – Paul Cérésole (1832–1905)
• 1874 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)

 1875–1899

• 1875 – Johann Jakob Scherer (1825–1878)
• 1876 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)
• 1877 – Joachim Heer (1825–1879)
• 1878 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)
• 1879 – Bernhard Hammer (1822–1907)
• 1880 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)
• 1881 – Numa Droz (1844–1899)
• 1882 – Simeon Bavier (1825–1896)
• 1883 – Louis Ruchonnet (1834–1893)
• 1884 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)
• 1885 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)
• 1886 – Adolf Deucher (1831–1912)
• 1887 – Numa Droz (1844–1899)
• 1888 (to November 27) – Wilhelm Hertenstein (1825–1888)
  

  

  Wilhelm Hertenstein died during his term, on 27 November 1888. As of 2009^[update], he is the only President not to complete his term.
• 1888 (from November 27) – Bernhard Hammer (1822–1907) (acting)
• 1889 – Bernhard Hammer (1822–1907)
• 1890 – Louis Ruchonnet (1834–1893)
• 1891 – Emil Welti (1825–1899)
• 1892 – Walter Hauser (1837–1902)
• 1893 – Karl Schenk (1823–1895)
• 1894 – Emil Frey (1838–1922)
• 1895 – Josef Zemp (1834–1908)
• 1896 – Adrien Lachenal (1849–1918)
• 1897 – Adolf Deucher (1831–1912)
• 1898 – Eugène Ruffy (1854–1919)
• 1899 – Eduard Müller (1848–1919)

 1900–1924

• 1900 – Walter Hauser (1837–1902)
• 1901 – Ernst Brenner (1856–1911)
• 1902 – Josef Zemp (1834–1908)
• 1903 – Adolf Deucher (1831–1912)
• 1904 – Robert Comtesse (1847–1922)
• 1905 – Marc-Emile Ruchet (1853–1912)
• 1906 – Ludwig Forrer (1845–1921)
• 1907 – Eduard Müller (1848–1919)
• 1908 – Ernst Brenner (1856–1911)
• 1909 – Adolf Deucher (1831–1912)
• 1910 – Robert Comtesse (1847–1922)

Gustave Ador, President of the Confederation in 1919, was also President of the ICRC

• 1911 – Marc-Emile Ruchet (1853–1912)
• 1912 – Ludwig Forrer (1845–1921)
• 1913 – Eduard Müller (1848–1919)
• 1914 – Arthur Hoffmann (1857–1927)
• 1915 – Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940)
• 1916 – Camille Decoppet (1862–1925)
• 1917 – Edmund Schulthess (1868–1944)
• 1918 – Felix Calonder (1863–1952)
• 1919 – Gustave Ador (1845–1928)
• 1920 – Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940)
• 1921 – Edmund Schulthess (1868–1944)
• 1922 – Robert Haab (1865–1939)
• 1923 – Karl Scheurer (1872–1929)
• 1924 – Ernst Chuard (1857–1942)

 1925–1949

• 1925 – Jean-Marie Musy (1876–1952)
• 1926 – Heinrich Häberlin (1868–1947)
• 1927 – Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940)
• 1928 – Edmund Schulthess (1868–1944)
• 1929 – Robert Haab (1865–1939)
• 1930 – Jean-Marie Musy (1876–1952)
• 1931 – Heinrich Häberlin (1868–1947)
• 1932 – Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940)
• 1933 – Edmund Schulthess (1868–1944)
• 1934 – Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1889–1958)
• 1935 – Rudolf Minger (1881–1955)
• 1936 – Albert Meyer (1870–1953)
• 1937 – Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940)
• 1938 – Johannes Baumann (1874–1953)
• 1939 – Philipp Etter (1891–1977)
• 1940 – Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1889–1958)
• 1941 – Ernst Wetter (1877–1963)
• 1942 – Philipp Etter (1891–1977)
• 1943 – Enrico Celio (1889–1980)
• 1944 – Walther Stampfli (1884–1965)
• 1945 – Eduard von Steiger (1881–1962)
• 1946 – Karl Kobelt (1891–1968)
• 1947 – Philipp Etter (1891–1977)
• 1948 – Enrico Celio (1889–1980)
• 1949 – Ernst Nobs (1886–1957)

 1950–1974

• 1950 – Max Petitpierre (1899–1994)
• 1951 – Eduard von Steiger (1881–1962)
• 1952 – Karl Kobelt (1891–1968)
• 1953 – Philipp Etter (1891–1977)
• 1954 – Rodolphe Rubattel (1896–1961)
• 1955 – Max Petitpierre (1899–1994)
• 1956 – Markus Feldmann (1897–1958)
• 1957 – Hans Streuli (1892–1970)
• 1958 – Thomas Holenstein (1896–1962)
• 1959 – Paul Chaudet (1904–1977)
• 1960 – Max Petitpierre (1899–1994)
• 1961 – Friedrich Traugott Wahlen (1899–1985)
• 1962 – Paul Chaudet (1904–1977)
• 1963 – Willy Spühler (1902–1990)
• 1964 – Ludwig von Moos (1910–1990)
• 1965 – Hans-Peter Tschudi (1913–2002)
• 1966 – Hans Schaffner (1908–2004)
• 1967 – Roger Bonvin (1907–1982)
• 1968 – Willy Spühler (1902–1990)
• 1969 – Ludwig von Moos (1910–1990)
• 1970 – Hans-Peter Tschudi (1913–2002)
• 1971 – Rudolf Gnägi (1917–1985)
• 1972 – Nello Celio (1914–1995)
• 1973 – Roger Bonvin (1907–1982)
• 1974 – Ernst Brugger (1914–1998)

 1975–1999

• 1975 – Pierre Graber (1908–2003)
• 1976 – Rudolf Gnägi (1917–1985)
• 1977 – Kurt Furgler (1924–2008)
• 1978 – Willy Ritschard (1918–1983)
• 1979 – Hans Hürlimann (1918–1994)
• 1980 – Georges-André Chevallaz (1915–2002)
• 1981 – Kurt Furgler (1924–2008)
• 1982 – Fritz Honegger (1917–1999)
• 1983 – Pierre Aubert (born 1927)
• 1984 – Leon Schlumpf (born 1925)
• 1985 – Kurt Furgler (1924–2008)
• 1986 – Alphons Egli (born 1924)
• 1987 – Pierre Aubert (born 1927)
• 1988 – Otto Stich (born 1927)
• 1989 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1936–1998)
• 1990 – Arnold Koller (born 1933)
• 1991 – Flavio Cotti (born 1939)
• 1992 – René Felber (born 1933)
• 1993 – Adolf Ogi (born 1942)
• 1994 – Otto Stich (born 1927)
• 1995 – Kaspar Villiger (born 1941)
• 1996 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1936–1998)
• 1997 – Arnold Koller (born 1933)
• 1998 – Flavio Cotti (born 1939)
• 1999 – Ruth Dreifuss (born 1940)

 2000–present

Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, the current President (2012)

• 2000 – Adolf Ogi (born 1942)
• 2001 – Moritz Leuenberger (born 1946)
• 2002 – Kaspar Villiger (born 1941)
• 2003 – Pascal Couchepin (born 1942)
• 2004 – Joseph Deiss (born 1946)
• 2005 – Samuel Schmid (born 1947)
• 2006 – Moritz Leuenberger (born 1946)
• 2007 – Micheline Calmy-Rey (born 1945)
• 2008 – Pascal Couchepin (born 1942)
• 2009 – Hans-Rudolf Merz (born 1942)
• 2010 – Doris Leuthard (born 1963)
• 2011 – Micheline Calmy-Rey (born 1945)
• 2012 – Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (born 1956).

by: Izelle Joy D. Clerigo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States

"Presidents of the United States", "American Presidents", and "US Presidents" redirect here. For the American rock band, see The Presidents of the United States of America (band). For the C-SPAN series, see American Presidents: Life Portraits. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

List of presidents

Parties

No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican

No. [n 1]	President		Took office	Left office	Party	Term [n 1]	Vice President
1		George Washington (1732–1799) [11][12][13]	April 30, 1789	March 4, 1797	no party	1 (1789)		John Adams
						2 (1792)
2		John Adams (1735–1826) [14][15][16]	March 4, 1797	March 4, 1801	Federalist	3 (1796)		Thomas Jefferson
3		Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [17][18][19]	March 4, 1801	March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	4 (1800)		Aaron Burr
						5 (1804)		George Clinton
4		James Madison (1751–1836) [20][21][22]	March 4, 1809	March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	6 (1808)		George Clinton[n 2] March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
							vacant[n 3] April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
						7 (1812)		Elbridge Gerry[n 2] March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
							vacant[n 3] November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5		James Monroe (1758–1831) [23][24][25]	March 4, 1817	March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	8 (1816)		Daniel D. Tompkins
						9 (1820)
6		John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [26][27][28]	March 4, 1825	March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican; National Republican	10 (1824)		John C. Calhoun
7		Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) [29][30][31]	March 4, 1829	March 4, 1837	Democratic	11 (1828)		John C. Calhoun[n 4] March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
							vacant[n 3] December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
						12 (1832)		Martin Van Buren
8		Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [32][33][34]	March 4, 1837	March 4, 1841	Democratic	13 (1836)		Richard Mentor Johnson
9		William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) [35][36][37]	March 4, 1841	April 4, 1841 [n 2]	Whig	14 (1840)		John Tyler
10 [n 5]		John Tyler (1790–1862) [38][39][40]	April 4, 1841	March 4, 1845	Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		vacant[n 3]
					no party[n 6] September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11		James K. Polk (1795–1849) [41][42][43]	March 4, 1845	March 4, 1849	Democratic	15 (1844)		George M. Dallas
12		Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) [44][45][46]	March 4, 1849	July 9, 1850 [n 2]	Whig	16 (1848)		Millard Fillmore
13		Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) [47][48][49]	July 9, 1850	March 4, 1853	Whig		vacant[n 3]
14		Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) [50][51][52]	March 4, 1853	March 4, 1857	Democratic	17 (1852)		William R. King[n 2] March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
							vacant[n 3] April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15		James Buchanan (1791–1868) [53][54][55]	March 4, 1857	March 4, 1861	Democratic	18 (1856)		John C. Breckinridge
16		Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) [56][57][58]	March 4, 1861	April 15, 1865 [n 7]	Republican	19 (1860)		Hannibal Hamlin
					Republican National Union[n 8]	20 (1864)		Andrew Johnson
17		Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) [59][60][61]	April 15, 1865	March 4, 1869	Democratic National Union;[n 8] no party[n 9]		vacant [n 3]
18		Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) [62][63][64]	March 4, 1869	March 4, 1877	Republican	21 (1868)		Schuyler Colfax
						22 (1872)		Henry Wilson[n 2] March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
							vacant[n 3] November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19		Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) [65][66][67]	March 4, 1877	March 4, 1881	Republican	23 (1876)		William A. Wheeler
20		James A. Garfield (1831–1881) [68][69][70]	March 4, 1881	September 19, 1881 [n 7]	Republican	24 (1880)		Chester A. Arthur
21		Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) [71][72][73]	September 19, 1881	March 4, 1885	Republican		vacant[n 3]
22		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [74][75]	March 4, 1885	March 4, 1889	Democratic	25 (1884)		Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2] March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
							vacant[n 3] November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23		Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) [76][77][78]	March 4, 1889	March 4, 1893	Republican	26 (1888)		Levi P. Morton
24		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [74][75]	March 4, 1893	March 4, 1897	Democratic	27 (1892)		Adlai E. Stevenson I
25		William McKinley (1843–1901) [79][80][81]	March 4, 1897	September 14, 1901 [n 7]	Republican	28 (1896)		Garret Hobart[n 2] March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
							vacant[n 3] November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
						29 (1900)		Theodore Roosevelt
26		Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) [82][83][84]	September 14, 1901	March 4, 1909	Republican		vacant[n 3]
						30 (1904)		Charles W. Fairbanks
27		William Howard Taft (1857–1930) [85][86][87]	March 4, 1909	March 4, 1913	Republican	31 (1908)		James S. Sherman[n 2] March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
							vacant[n 3] October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28		Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) [88][89][90]	March 4, 1913	March 4, 1921	Democratic	32 (1912)		Thomas R. Marshall
						33 (1916)
29		Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) [91][92][93]	March 4, 1921	August 2, 1923 [n 2]	Republican	34 (1920)		Calvin Coolidge
30		Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) [94][95][96]	August 2, 1923	March 4, 1929	Republican		vacant[n 3]
						35 (1924)		Charles G. Dawes
31		Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) [97][98][99]	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933	Republican	36 (1928)		Charles Curtis
32		Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) [100][101][102]	March 4, 1933 (1933-03-04)	April 12, 1945 (1945-04-12) [n 2]	Democratic	37 (1932) [n 10]		John Nance Garner
						38 (1936)
						39 (1940)		Henry A. Wallace
						40 (1944)		Harry S. Truman
33		Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) [103][104][105]	April 12, 1945	January 20, 1953	Democratic		vacant[n 3]
						41 (1948)		Alben W. Barkley
34		Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) [106][107][108]	January 20, 1953	January 20, 1961 [n 11]	Republican	42 (1952)		Richard Nixon
						43 (1956)
35		John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) [109][110][111]	January 20, 1961	November 22, 1963 [n 7]	Democratic	44 (1960)		Lyndon B. Johnson
36		Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) [112][113]	November 22, 1963	January 20, 1969	Democratic		vacant[n 3]
						45 (1964)		Hubert Humphrey
37		Richard Nixon (1913–1994) [114][115][116]	January 20, 1969	August 9, 1974 [n 4]	Republican	46 (1968)		Spiro Agnew[n 4] January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
						47 (1972)
							vacant[n 3] October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
								Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38		Gerald Ford (1913–2006) [117][118][119]	August 9, 1974	January 20, 1977	Republican		vacant[n 3] August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
								Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39		Jimmy Carter (1924– ) [120][121][122]	January 20, 1977	January 20, 1981	Democratic	48 (1976)		Walter Mondale
40		Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) [123][124][125]	January 20, 1981	January 20, 1989	Republican	49 (1980)		George H. W. Bush
						50 (1984)
41		George H. W. Bush (1924– ) [126][127][128]	January 20, 1989	January 20, 1993	Republican	51 (1988)		Dan Quayle
42		Bill Clinton (1946– ) [129][130][131]	January 20, 1993	January 20, 2001	Democratic	52 (1992)		Al Gore
						53 (1996)
43		George W. Bush (1946– ) [132][133][134]	January 20, 2001	January 20, 2009	Republican	54 (2000)		Dick Cheney
						55 (2004)
44		Barack Obama (1961– ) [135][136][137]	January 20, 2009	Incumbent	Democratic	56 (2008)		Joe Biden